Science,24 JAN 2025, VOL 387, ISSUE 6732《迷信》2025年1月24日，第387卷，6732期资料迷信Materials ScienceDuctilization of 2.6-GPa alloys via short-range ordered interfaces and supranano precipitates短程有序界面跟超纳析出相实现2.6GPa级合金的优良平均延长率▲ 作者：YONG-QIANG, WEN-HAO CHA et al.▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr4917▲择要：咱们提出了一种针对晶粒外部跟晶界地区的超纳米（ 10纳米）跟短程有序化计划。这种计划利用于基于钒、钴跟镍的细晶合金，并增加了钨、铜、铝跟硼。经由过程短程有序化在晶界邻近的偏聚，明显实现了晶界相干的强化跟塑化机制。别的，尺寸较年夜的超纳米有序化对位错跟层错存在更强的钉扎效应，这些位错跟层错在塑性变形进程中在晶粒外部连续增殖跟累积。这些机制促使合金在10%应变下断裂时，流变应力连续增添，到达2.6GPa的拉伸应力。▲ Abstract：We present a supranano ( 10 nanometers) and short-range ordering design for grain interiors and grain boundary regions, respectively, in fine-grained alloys based on vanadium, cobalt, and nickel, with additions of tungsten, copper, aluminum, and boron. The pronounced grain boundary–related strengthening and ductilization mechanism is realized through segregation of the short-range ordering near the grain boundary. Furthermore, the supranano ordering with a larger size has an enhanced pinning effect for dislocations and stacking faults, multiplied and accumulated in grain interiors during plastic deformation. These mechanisms promote continuously increased flow stress until fracture of the alloy at 10% strain with 2.6-gigapascal tensile stress.Photo-induced chirality in a nonchiral crystal非手性晶体中的光引诱手性▲ 作者：Z. ZENG, M. F?RST et al.▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr4713▲择要：在此，咱们展现了经由过程太赫兹脉冲辐照，能够在非手性的压电资料硼磷酸盐（BPO4）中引诱出恣意手性的手性特点。两个正交的、简并的振动形式中任何一个的共振激起决议了引诱手性序参数的旌旗灯号。光引诱相的光学活性与典范手性物资α-石英的静态值相称。咱们的研讨成果为庞杂资料中非均衡量子景象的调控供给了新的远景。▲ Abstract：Here, we show that chirality of either handedness can be induced in the nonchiral piezoelectric material boron phosphate (BPO4) by irradiation with terahertz ulses. Resonant excitation of either one of two orthogonal, degenerate vibrational modes determines the sign of the induced chiral order parameter. The optical activity of the photo-induced phases is comparable to the static value of prototypical chiral α-quartz. Our findings offer new prospects for the control of out-of-equilibrium quantum phenomena in complex materials.生态学EcologyVariable impacts of land-based climate mitigation on habitat area for vertebrate diversity海洋气象变更减缓办法对脊椎植物多样性栖身空中积的多种影响▲ 作者：JEFFREY R. SMITH, EVELYN M. BEAURY et al.▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm9485▲择要：在此，咱们对14234种脊椎植物的气象跟栖身地需要停止了建模，并标明这些战略对物种栖身空中积的影响并非重要经由过程气象变更减缓实现，而是经由过程栖身地转换。在差别地域，经由过程地皮笼罩变更跟气象变更减缓，从新造林能为物种供给更多的栖身地，而造林跟生物动力作物莳植所招致的栖身地损失平日超越了气象变更减缓带来的利益。这项研讨标明，怎样以及在那里安排基于地皮的减缓战略，才不会有意中增加寰球生物多样性的栖身空中积。▲ Abstract：Here, we modeled the climate and habitat requirements of 14,234 vertebrate species and show that the impact of these strategies on species’ habitat area tends not to arise through climate mitigation, but rather through habitat conversion. Across locations, reforestation tends to provide species more habitat through both land-cover change and climate mitigation, whereas habitat loss from afforestation and bioenergy cropping typically outweighs the climate mitigation benefits. This work shows how and where land-based mitigation strategies can be deployed without inadvertently reducing the area of habitat for global biodiversity.Antarctic krill vertical migrations modulate seasonal carbon export南极磷虾的垂直迁徙行动调理节令性碳输出▲ 作者：A. J. R. SMITH, S. WOTHERSPOON et al.▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq5564▲择要：经由过程耗费表层浮游动物并在深海分泌，大陆生物的垂直迁徙行动增进了碳的输出。但是，因为生物地球化学模子缺少观察数据，招致对像南极磷虾（Euphausia superba）一样的迁徙生物的碳轮回进程的描写过于简化。应用在西北极地域一年的声学观察数据构建的数值模子，咱们预算出南极磷虾粪便颗粒的总颗粒无机碳（POC）通量为每平方米天天9.68毫克碳。最多有25%的磷虾迁徙超越200米的深度，且这一进程存在激烈的节令性特点，将总磷虾POC通量中不到10%的局部（每平方米天天1.28毫克碳）运送到深海。正确的碳通量预算对制订气象政策跟减排战略至关主要，假如未能控制到这种节令性特点，包括垂直迁徙进程的模子可能会高估碳输出。▲ Abstract：Vertical migrations by marine organisms contribute to carbon export by consumption of surface phytoplankton followed by defecation in the deep ocean. However, biogeochemical models lack observational data, leading to oversimplified representation of carbon cycling by migrating organisms, such as Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). Using a numerical model informed by 1 year of acoustic observations in the East Antarctic, we estimated the total particulate organic carbon (POC) flux from krill fecal pellets to be 9.68 milligrams of carbon per square meter per day (mg C m?2day?1). A maximum of 25% of krill migrated to depths 200 m with a strong seasonality component, transporting 10% of the total krill POC flux (1.28 mg Cm?2day?1) to the deep ocean. Accurate carbon flux estimates are essential to inform climate policy and mitigation strategies, and models that include vertical migration will overestimate carbon export if this seasonality is not captured.生物学BiologyIdentification of the subventricular tegmental nucleus as brainstem reward center脑室下被盖核是脑干的夸奖中枢▲ 作者：KRISZTIáN ZICHó, BOLDIZSáR ZSOLT BALOG et al.▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2191▲择要：咱们以为脑室下被盖核（SVTg）是脑干的夸奖中枢。在小鼠身上，嘉奖及其预期可能激活SVTg，而SVTg的安慰会招致地位偏好、焦急增加以及伏隔核多巴胺的开释。小鼠会自谋杀激SVTg，而该地区也能够被新皮层直接激活，从而无效克制与烦闷相干联的侧背侧丘脑。这种机制或者也能说明为什么克制SVTg会招致讨厌情感的增添以及胆怯感的加强。这些发明的转化相干性失掉了年夜鼠、猴跟人类脑干研讨的证据支撑，从而建立了SVTg作为夸奖处置、情感代价跟念头的要害枢纽。▲ Abstract：We identified the subventricular tegmental nucleus (SVTg) as a brainstem reward center. In mice, reward and its prediction activate the SVTg, and SVTg stimulation leads to place preference, reduced anxiety, and accumbal dopamine release. Mice self-stimulate the SVTg, which can also be activated directly by the neocortex, resulting in effective inhibition of the lateral habenula, a region associated with depression. This mechanism may also explain why SVTg suppression induces aversion and increases fear. The translational relevance of these findings is supported by evidence in the rat, monkey, and human brainstem, establishing SVTg as a key hub for reward processing, emotional valence, and motivation.A single gene orchestrates androgen variation underlying male mating morphs in ruffs单个基因调控雄性鹬求偶状态的雄激素差别▲ 作者：JASMINE L. LOVELAND, ALEX ZEMELLA et al.▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp5936▲择要：咱们发明在鹬鸟（ruff sandpipers）的三种雄性求偶状态之间，血液中雄激素的差别与17β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶2（HSD17B2）有关。该酶由决议这些状态的超基因中的一个基因编码。低睾酮雄性集体的血液中HSD17B2的表白程度高于高睾酮雄性集体，同时在与社会行动跟睾酮天生相干的年夜脑地区中也是如斯。衍生的HSD17B2同工酶在高睾酮雄性中缺掉，但在低睾酮雄性中会被优先表白。它们将睾酮转化为雄烯二酮的速率比同工酶更快。因而，单个基因在调控、序列跟构造上的退化变更独特引入了生殖表型背地的内排泄差别。▲ Abstract：We show that differences in circulating androgens between the three male mating morphs in ruff sandpipers are linked to 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (HSD17B2), encoded by a gene within the supergene that determines the morphs. Low-testosterone males had higher HSD17B2 expression in blood than high-testosterone males, as well as in brain areas related to social behaviors and testosterone production. Derived HSD17B2 isozymes, which are absent in high-testosterone males but preferentially expressed in low-testosterone males, converted testosterone to androstenedione faster than the ancestral isozyme. Thus, a combination of evolutionary changes in regulation, sequence, and structure of a single gene introduces endocrine variation underlying reproductive phenotypes.
